Helminth Infection Mainly Occurs In Childrenâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Helminth Infection Mainly Occurs In Children? Answer: Introduction Helminthes are multicellular organisms that are large in size and can be observed through naked eyes after getting matured. They are also called as parasitic worms. A large number of helminthes belong to the category of intestinal parasites as they live inside the intestine of human beings and other animals. Examples of helminthes are threadworm, ascaris, tapeworm etc. They feed on hosts that are living and receive nutrition and protection when they disrupt the absorption of nutrition from hosts (Bennett, Dolin Blaser, 2014).This results in several diseases and infections in the host. There are not many infections due to Helminthes in Australia but most individuals get infected from threadworm, Enterobius vermicularis. The following research report demonstrates the aetiology, transmission of infection, clinical manifestation, prevention of infection from helminthes and future issues. Aetiology and the source of transmission Enterobius vermicularis or pinworm is a nematode with a pointed tail and is found in the temperate regions around the world and is most commonly found in Australia. Its transmission occurs through a direct contact with towels, bed sheets knobs of doors and other things. It can also be transmitted through sexual contact. When an infection through pinworm occurs it results in a prickling sensation in the perianal area, which occurs when a female pinworm moves to the anal area of the host mainly during the night. Enterobius vermicularis resides in the small intestine majorly in the ileocecal area. It leads to infection and results in diarrhea due to the swelling in the wall of bowel. There are several risk factors of infection and the most important one is such as unhygienic practice of not washing hands. Clinical Manifestation Enterobius vermicularis mainly affects children in the age group of 5-10 years and they do not experience any specific symptoms except itching around the anal part in the body. In girls it leads to vaginal itching. Individuals affected with enterobiasis severely suffer from irritation, loss of weight and appetite and restlessness. Enterobius vermicularis may also lead to a blockage in the appendix. Helminthiasis may also lead to chronic illness in patient due to a lack of nutrition such as vitamin, protein in the body which results in weakness and improper growth. It can also lead to improper cognitive functions which results in poor performance in studies and a lack of concentration in children (Strunz, et al., 2014). Prevention It is important to wash hands regularly especially after going to the washroom before eating anything to prevent from getting infected by Helminthes (Hoffmann, Brindley Berriman, 2014).Children should keep their nails short to lower down the chance of getting infected by the eggs of helminthes. Clothes and bed sheets and all the toys of children should be washed regularly in order to make sure that all the eggs are killed. Other preventive measures may include deworming of pets on a regular basis and appropriate disposal of fecal matter (Mishra et al., 2014). Treatment Infection caused due to helminthes can be cured by taking medications such as mebendazole, piperazine, pyrvinium and pyrantel pamoate. A single dose of both mebendazole and pyrantel pamoate are given and the process is repeated in 2 weeks which would lead to the death of eggs which are newly ingested (Grencis, 2015).Oxamnquineis use largely in programmes related to mass deworming. Macrocyclic lactones (such asivermectin) can be used in preventing infection from nematodes. Artimisinins and its derivatives are being used widely for treating trematodiasis. Discussion There are different preventive measures by the two authors in order to cure infection from helminthes according to this report. According to Hoffmann, Brindley Berriman, 2014,washing hands regularly especially after going to the washroom and before having lunch or dinner is one the best ways to prevent infects from different types of helminthes such as tapeworm, ascaris (roundworm) and pinworm. It is advised to parents to cut the nails of their children regularly to lower down the chance of getting infected by the eggs of helminthes and leading to different symptoms. On the other hand, Mishra et al., 2014 , advises all the parents to wash clothes and bed sheets and all the toys of their children regularly in order to make sure that all the eggs are killed. According to them, deworming of pets on a regular basis and appropriate disposal of fecal matter is also one of the most widely used preventive measure to prevent getting affected from helminths. Conclusion Helminthes are multicellular organisms that are large in size and can be observed through naked eyes after getting matured. This results in several diseases and infections in the host. Its transmission occurs through a direct contact with towels, bed sheets knobs of doors and other things. It can also be transmitted through sexual contact. A single dose of both mebendazole and pyrantel pamoate are given and the process is repeated in 2 weeks which would lead to the death of eggs which are newly ingested. Oxamnquineis use largely in programmes related to mass deworming. Recommendations Regular washing of hands before eating and after going to washroom to avoid infection from helminthes. Regular washing of clothes and bed sheets and maintain a hygienic practice to prevent getting from getting infected. References Bennett, J. E., Dolin, R., Blaser, M. J. (2014).Principles and practice of infectious diseases. Elsevier Health Sciences. Grencis, R. K. (2015). Immunity to helminths: resistance, regulation, and susceptibility to gastrointestinal nematodes.Annual review of immunology,33, 201-225. Hoffmann, K. F., Brindley, P. J., Berriman, M. (2014). Halting harmful helminths.Science,346(6206), 168-169. Mishra, P. K., Palma, M., Bleich, D., Loke, P., Gause, W. C. (2014). Systemic impact of intestinal helminth infections.Mucosal immunology,7(4), 753. Strunz, E. C., Addiss, D. G., Stocks, M. E., Ogden, S., Utzinger, J., Freeman, M. C. (2014). Water, sanitation, hygiene, and soil-transmitted helminth infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS medicine,11(3), e1001620

Through Out History The World Has Seen Some Generations That Have Essa

Through out history the world has seen some generations that have made an impact more than all of its predecessors. The decade from 1960 to 1970 was definitely one of those eras. The people didn't follow the teachings of its elders, but rejected them for an alternative culture which was their very own(Harris 14). Made up of the younger population of the time this new culture was such a radical society that they were given their own name which is still used today. They came to be called the Hippies. The Hippie movement started in San Francisco, California and spread across the United States, through Canada, and into parts of Europe (World Book). But it had its greatest influence in America. During the 1960's a radical group called the Hippies shocked America with their alternative lifestyle and radical beliefs. Hippies came from many different places and had many different backgrounds. All Hippies were young, from the ages of 15 to 25 (Worldbook). They left their families and did it for many different reasons. Some rejected their parents' ideas, some just wanted to get away, and others simply were outcasts, who could only fit in with the Hippie population. Under 25 became a magical age, and young people all over the world were united by this bond (Harris 15). This bond was of Non-conformity and it was the Creed of the Young (Harris 15). Most Hippies came from wealthy middle class families. Some people said that they were spoiled and wasting their lives away. But to Hippies themselves this was a way of life and no one was going to get in the way of their dreams and ambitions. Hippies flocked to a certain area of San Francisco on the corner of Haight Street and Ashbury Street, where the world got their first view of this unique group. This place came to be known as the Haight Ashbury District. There were tours of the district and it was said that the tour was the only foreign tour within the continental limits of the United States (Stern 147). The Hippies were so different that the conservative middle class could not relate to them and saw them as aliens. The Haight Ashbury district lies in the very center of San Francisco. In the years of 1965 and 1966 the Hippies took over the Haight Ashbury district(Cavan 49). There they lived and spread their psychedelic theme through out the whole area. In the Haight Ashbury district there were two parks that that all Hippies knew well. The most famous of the two was the Golden Gate Park(Cavan 43). The single most important event that put the Hippies on the map was held at the Golden Gate Park. It was called the Trips Festival. The Trips Festival was a week long festival designed to celebrate the LSD experience(Stern 148). Besides this festival dozens of other events took place at Golden Gate Park, some of which were free concerts by The Grateful Dead and Jefferson Airplane and Anti-War rallies held by Hippie political leaders. The other park is called the Buena Vista park and is known for housing hippies at night and for socializing during the day. As the 1960's progressed, the youth in America united. In 1969 400,000 young people materialized for three dizzying days to listen to rock and blues music, to wear funny clothing or no clothes at all, to talk, sing, dance, clap hands, to drink beer or smoke pot and make love-but mostly to marvel again and again that they were all there together (This Fabulous Century 64). This festival was held in a small town in up-state New York and came to be called Woodstock, after the town it was held in. Also in Greenwich Village, New York Hippies had a place. The Village on every Sunday was known to have hordes of singers with banjos and drums celebrating their youth together(Stern 103). One of the basic foundations of the Hippie movement was the flagrant use of illegal drugs. There were many drugs that the Hippies used but none was more used then marijuana. From 1960 to 1970 the number of Americans who had tried marijuana had increased from a few hundred thousand to 8,000,000. The majority of these new users were from 12 years old to college seniors(This Fabulous Century 84). To some Hippies, drugs and music were the most important aspects of their lives. Another drug that was prevalent in the Hippie population was LSD. Some Hippies thought that LSD puts you in touch with your surroundings (Cavan 114). But that was not

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The Body Ritual Among the Nacirema - Essay Example In such cases, though certain traits of any ritual differ from class to class and communal segment to another segment, performing this ritual often are based on a common metanarrative. Factually, the symbolism as well as the roles of the participants is determined by individual interests and communal interests in the ritual. One such American (or Nacirema ritual, in Horace Miner’s term) ritual is the eating ritual. Indeed Miner’s hoax anthropological article â€Å"Body Ritual among the Nacirema† deals with the question whether the American obsession with the cleanliness of human is justifiable or irrational. While parodying the American body ritual from an ethnocentric perspective, Miner clarifies his side by quoting Malinowski â€Å"Looking from far and above, from our high places of safety in the developed civilization, it is easy to see all the crudity and irrelevance of magic† (Miner, ). Meanwhile Miner explores deep into the fact whether modern anthro pologists are aware of the dichotomy between scientific knowledge of a ritual practiced by a community and the ethnocentric bias of research. When he uses the term â€Å"configuration† or â€Å"style†, he essentially criticizes the modern trends of perceiving a culture from a Eurocentric perspective.... Indeed the sense of individuality is greatly contributed to by a member’s corporeal or bodily existence in the society, that is, to a great extent can be considered as â€Å"one body, one individual† (existentialism). This attitude to one’s self highly determines their habit of eating in groups. Also this sense of individuality has a great role in the segregation of the society into the smallest functional groups that are mostly similar to modern family. The â€Å"one body, one individual† motive also shapes their taste in food. Sense of Individuality and Body in Shaping the Rituals The underlying grand principle of individuality is to sustain the body, therefore, to sustain the individual through rituals and ceremonies. Each of the functional segments like modern family has commonly one or two shrines where the members participate in the rituals. Often members of a number of families gather together in domestic and commercial shrines to take part in the b elly-ritual or eating ritual. Generally the laymen of the Nacirema do not have any specific shrine, whereas there are commercial shrines for people. Symbolism of the Eating Ritual While performing the eating ritual, the Nacirema perform some other rituals i.e. hand-washing as a process of purifying the evil, offering-vases washing, etc. Generally the Naciremans take two types of liquids: holy liquids and normal liquid. They take the normal liquid as a part of their livings. But they occasionally take the holy liquids in order to get temporal relief from the adversaries of reality. Reportedly a number of the Naciremans are found to depend excessively on the holy liquids. One of the mentionable eating rituals of Nacirema is to have granular and solid meals. The Naciremans show a tendency to classify

General Motors Essay Example for Free

General Motors Essay General Motors Corp., commonly known as GM, is an iconic American corporation. It was the world’s largest automobile manufacturer from 1931 to 2008. GM was a winner in the automobile market until 2005, when it reported a net loss of more than $10 billion and continued to post annual losses since that time. During 2005 to 2007, the stock price slight increased until it disclosed its huge deferred tax assets. Since then GM’s stock price continued dropping and reached at a low of $1.45 per share on March 6, 2009. On March 4,2009, Deloitte Touche issued an unqualified opinion with a going-on concern paragraph on GM’s 2008 financial statements. GM received $13.4 billion in government loans in December 2008 and has requested another $16.6 billion. In April 2009, a restructuring plan was created to save GM. On June 1, 2009, GM filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. A new GM, known as General Motors Co., was created under the terms of bankruptcy plan. General Motors Co. began its operations on July 10,2009. In November 2010, GM went public with an initial public offering that raised $23.1 billion. This time, Deloitte did not make reference to going-on concern on GM’s 2010’s financial reporting. Discussion Questions 1. From Exhibit 1, we can see that since 2005, GM is suffering from losses and it had negative cash flows from operations except for 2007. In 2006, its total assets shrank nearly 60% from $476,078 million to $186,182 million. However, in my opinion, 2005 is not the sign of GM’s impending financial distress. It is in 2007 when it disclosed its huge deferred tax assets, which made the stock price dropped abruptly. And it is also in 2007 when the company’s net losses reached at $38,732 million. The huge deferred tax assets and constant huge losses make me consider that GM may encounter big financial distress in the following years. 2. Auditors should consider the following things in evaluating potential going-on concern uncertainties. (1) Consideration of conditions and events such as negative trends of operating losses, working capital deficiencies, negative cash flows, adverse key financial ratios. (2) Consideration of management’s plan such as plans to dispose assets, plans to borrow money or restructure debt, plans to reduce or delay expenditures and plans to increase ownership equity. (3) Consideration of financial statement effects; whether they are adequate and what are the possible effects. (4) Consideration of the effects on the auditor’s reports. 3. In my opinion, the going-concern uncertainty is not warranted. No one could predict what will happen in the future. Auditors do not have the responsibility to predict future events. Therefore, the going-concern uncertainty is just a substantial doubt based on historical data and past events, some reasonable estimates and management’s plans. From the exhibit 1, we can find that GM suffered losses since 2005. However, I do not think it necessary to issue an audit opinion modified to disclose going-concern opinion prior to 2007 when its losses reached at $38,732 million. A going-concern opinion should be issue when substantial doubt exists. Although it suffered losses since 2005, there was no sign that management would file the chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and it was likely that the US government would provide financial support for the GM. So it is not adequate to add the going-concern paragraph in my point of view. 4. The Great Recession which began in December 2007 and lasted to September 2008 might have accelerated Deloitte’s decision to issue an audit opinion modified to disclose going-concern uncertainties. The financial crisis resulted in collapse of large financial institutions, the bailout of banks by national governments, downturns in stock markets around the world, etc. The financial crisis made GM’s problems more difficult because it could not pay its debt and it became harder for it to refinance. Therefore, at this point, the going-concern uncertainty for GM was substantially increased, which led to an audit opinion with modified going-concern paragraph. 5. The Car Allowance Rebate Program released on July 1, 2009 did help the new GM. The program provided incentives for the automobile industry with more than 690,000 transactions rebated under this program. Although GM’s sale were down 17% from 2008, it got rid of 70% debt, abandoned 4 unprofitable brands and 13 manufacturing plants, cut off 22,500 employees and 2,300 dealers. These measures helped the new GM cut down its costs and got through its tough time. And there was no sign that any going-on concern uncertainty existed. 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