Australian adversarial criminal justice system Essay

Australian adversarial criminal justice system - Essay Example Just as humans are likely to commit errors of judgment, the criminal justice system, run by humans is likely to suffer such errors in judgment. These errors of judgment translate to guilty criminals going unpunished or being unapprehended, and to innocent individuals being sent to jail for crimes they did not commit. The terms â€Å"getting off on a technicality† are terms heard often enough when the legal provisions of the criminal justice system serve to protect the rights of all individuals, even those who are guilty. And yet these provisions are in place to protect the rights of the innocent and to afford due process of law. For which reason, most people remark and are resigned to the fact that when all is said and done the criminal justice system is about as fair and effective as we can reasonably expect. It is a statement which speaks of the need to â€Å"make do† because things â€Å"could have been worse.† It is important however to evaluate the differenc e and decide where the above statement indeed deserves the people’s resigned acceptance. This paper shall now consider the above statement and its merits in the actual criminal justice system. It shall consider the viability of the statement while assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the current Australian criminal justice system. ... The best argument in this adversarial system is used to decide on the case. The parties have control over their case and the presentation of evidence in their favour. They also have freedom to use legal representation if they so desire (Stacy, 1999). The parties also decide if there is a need for a jury in a civil case. The judge’s role in this adversarial system is to ensure that the case proceedings are impartial and fair. He has to make his decision based on his independent decision and he must oversee the proceedings in order to ensure that the rules of court are followed. In effect, while a jury rules over issues of fact, the judge decides over issues of law (Victoria University, n.d). In this adversarial system, there is a need to secure the rules of evidence and procedure. Each court has its rules which are meant to ensure fair and equal treatment of adversarial parties. It also ensures that the jury is not distracted by unnecessary materials and evidence; that unreliab le and unfairly obtained evidence is not admitted in the court proceedings; and that evidence which is purely of character nature is not allowed to be entered in evidence (Victoria University, n.d). This adversarial system protects the strict rules of evidence and procedure where hearsay evidence, irrelevant evidence, opinion evidence, evidence illegally obtained, and prior convictions, as well as evidence reflecting bad character is not admissible in evidence (Victoria University, n.d). In this system, the burden of proof lies with the plaintiff or the party initiating the case. It requires proof beyond reasonable doubt for criminal cases, and balance of probabilities for civil cases

CASE STUDY QUESTIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

CASE STUDY QUESTIONS - Essay Example Economists assume that price is the most important influence on the amounts of any products or services purchased. Apart from price, economists explained that there are many other factors like consumers’ taste, numbers of consumers in the market, consumers’ income, price of related goods etc that also influence the amounts of goods or services purchased (McConnell and Brue, 2004, p. 42- 43). These factors are generally referred as determinants of demand. A person’s taste, preferences and opinions of the product or service consumed are some of the basic determinants of how much a consumer buys them. At higher price of the product or service, the consumer generally economizes and reduces quantity purchased. Similarly, as consumers’ income increases, the consumer is generally found to be buying more of many products and services in the market (Pugel, 2003, p. 19). When it comes to the case of tourism of Guam, 85% of the total tourists are from Japan and the n umbers of visits to Guam from Japan have been decreased in recent years. Demand for tourism can also be a function of consumers’ income, price of the service or price of competing goods. ... 81). As far as consumers’ income is considered to be a main determinant of the tourism to Guam, the price of tourism in relation to three different components are to be analyzed. These three components are cost of transportation, living cost in Guam and exchange rate. When more consumers are to travel to Guam, their relative spending on transportation and living would likely to increase. Similarly, they may have to spend more on exchanging currency too. In order to attract more customers to Guam and increase travelling to Guam, it is recommended that cost of transportation between Guam and Japan must be discounted or the government has to promote tourism through some seasonal programs. As a government policy maker, it is also recommended that cost of living, especially for those who visit Guam from Japan has to be adjusted in order to attract more visitors from Japan. If government fixes a specific fixed exchange rate between US Dollar and Japan’s Yen for the Japanese t ravelers to Guam, the expenditure issues that Japanese concern in relation to the exchange rate can also be solved and thus to increase numbers of travelers from Japan to Guam. A number of political and social factors have also caused decrease in travelling to Guam. The downward trend in Guam’s tourism has been caused by Japan’s sluggish economy and some political events like Gulf War in 1991, Typhoon Omar and Earthquake rated 8.1 in 1993, Korean airline crash in 1997, Asian crisis in 1998 etc (Dougan, 2007, p. 80). Japanese were choosing Guam for tourism for several reasons like beautiful beaches and safety in Guam. Safety in beaches, resorts and hotels should be